Warby Parker

Zoom

Warby Parker

Vertically integrated direct-to-consumer eyewear. Warby Parker designs frames in-house, works directly with manufacturers, and sells through its website, app and its own stores, skipping the traditional licensing and wholesale markups.

Glasses still start at $95 including basic prescription lenses, with upgrades for progressives and special coatings. Revenue comes from prescription glasses, sunglasses, contact lenses and eye exams in stores.

What started online-only now runs mostly on physical retail, with 323 stores at the end of 2025. Net revenue was $872 million in 2025, and it was the company's first full year of net profit.

Zoom

Zoom uses a freemium model. Free accounts get unlimited one-on-one meetings and 40-minute group meetings.

Paid plans start at $13.33/month per user for Pro (meetings up to 30 hours), $18.33/month for Business, and custom pricing for Enterprise. Zoom also charges for add-ons — Zoom Phone (cloud phone system), Zoom Rooms (conference room hardware), and Zoom Contact Center.

The free tier is the hook. The 40-minute limit on group calls creates just enough friction to push power users to pay.

And once one person in a company pays, the whole team follows because nobody wants to be the one whose meetings keep getting cut off.

Warby Parker

Dave Gilboa lost a $700 pair of glasses while backpacking before starting at Wharton, and replacing them was so expensive he spent his first semester squinting. He complained about it to classmates Neil Blumenthal, Andrew Hunt and Jeffrey Raider, and they started digging into why glasses cost so much.

The answer was Luxottica, the Italian giant that owned Ray-Ban, Oakley, LensCrafters, Sunglass Hut and Pearle Vision, the vision insurer EyeMed, and licenses for luxury brands like Chanel and Prada. One company touched almost every step from design to retail.

With a small seed check from Wharton's Venture Initiation Program, the four launched Warby Parker in February 2010, selling prescription glasses online for $95. GQ called them "the Netflix of eyewear," they hit their first-year sales target in about three weeks, and they built a waitlist of around 20,000 people.

Zoom

Eric Yuan grew up in Tai'an, a mining city in Shandong province, China. In the mid-1990s he was in his twenties and inspired by the internet boom happening in America.

He applied for a US visa. He was rejected.

He applied again. Rejected again.

Eight times in total over about two years before he was finally approved in 1997. He moved to Silicon Valley with barely any English and joined WebEx as one of its first engineers.

Yuan spent 14 years at WebEx, eventually becoming VP of Engineering. Cisco acquired WebEx in 2007 for $3.2 billion.

Yuan watched Cisco slowly bloat the product with enterprise features while the core video quality deteriorated. He kept telling Cisco leadership they needed to rebuild the product from scratch.

They kept saying no.

In 2011, Yuan quit and took 40 WebEx engineers with him. He founded Zoom Video Communications with a simple thesis: video meetings should just work.

No downloads. No lag.

No "can you hear me?" No IT department required. He built the product that Cisco refused to build.

Warby Parker

The DTC playbook: build a beautiful brand, price far below incumbents, and tell a story about why the old way was a rip-off. Home Try-On, five frames mailed to try at home for free, doubled as marketing as customers posted photos asking friends to vote.

"Buy a Pair, Give a Pair" gave the brand a social mission, and by 2025 it had distributed more than 20 million pairs through its partners. Then it went physical, opening stores that now drive most sales, with 47 new stores in 2025 and about 50 more planned for 2026.

It added eye exams and Scout contact lenses to sell more to each customer, and in 2025 partnered with Google and Samsung on AI-powered smart glasses.

Zoom

Zoom grew on one thing: it worked. In a world where every video call started with five minutes of technical issues, Zoom calls just connected.

That reliability was the entire marketing strategy for the first five years.

The freemium model did the rest. Teachers, coaches, therapists, book clubs, and small teams all started on the free tier.

When they hit the 40-minute limit, enough of them converted to paid. And every free meeting was essentially a demo — everyone in the meeting saw how good Zoom was.

Yuan obsessed over simplicity. While competitors like WebEx and GoToMeeting required downloads, plugins, and IT involvement, Zoom worked in the browser with one click.

The learning curve was essentially zero. Your grandmother could figure it out.

That turned out to be extremely important when a pandemic suddenly required your grandmother to figure it out.

Then COVID happened. In March 2020, the world shut down.

Every meeting — work, school, family, doctor, church, happy hour — moved to video. Zoom was already the easiest option.

Daily participants exploded from 10 million to 300 million in four months. The stock went from $70 to $588.

Warby Parker

EssilorLuxottica, formed when Luxottica merged with the world's biggest lens maker, is still a giant with resources Warby Parker cannot match, and it now sells the Ray-Ban Meta smart glasses. After the 2021 direct listing the stock fell more than 70% from its highs as the direct-to-consumer bubble deflated.

Opening dozens of stores a year is capital intensive, and each one has to earn its keep. Cheaper online rivals like Zenni and EyeBuyDirect undercut it on price.

And people only buy glasses every year or two, so the business depends on keeping customers for a long time. Its big new bet, AI glasses with Google, puts it head to head with Meta.

Zoom

The post-pandemic hangover has been severe. Zoom's stock peaked at $588 in October 2020 and crashed to under $70 by 2022 — an 88% drop.

The company went from the most exciting tech stock on the planet to a cautionary tale about pandemic valuations. Revenue growth slowed from 300%+ to single digits as people returned to offices and competitors caught up.

Security and "Zoombombing" were early crises. In early 2020, as millions of new users flooded in, trolls discovered they could join open Zoom meetings and share offensive content.

Schools, churches, and AA meetings were disrupted. It turned out Zoom's encryption wasn't truly end-to-end as advertised.

Yuan had to halt all feature development for 90 days and focus exclusively on security fixes. It was a near-death reputational crisis.

Competition from Microsoft Teams and Google Meet intensified. Both companies bundled video calling for free into products that hundreds of millions of people already used.

Microsoft Teams integrated directly into Office 365. Google Meet was built into Gmail.

Zoom had to compete against free products from two of the richest companies on Earth.

Warby Parker

Prescription eyeglasses starting at $95 including basic lenses — the product that broke the Luxottica pricing model. Home Try-On — pick five frames online, receive them in a box, try them at home for free, return what you don't want.

Progressive lenses and blue-light-filtering options for higher-end needs. Prescription and non-prescription sunglasses.

Scout contact lenses — Warby Parker's daily disposable contact lens brand. In-store eye exams with licensed optometrists.

Virtual Try-On using iPhone face-scanning technology to see frames on your face through the app.

Zoom

Zoom Meetings is the core — video calls that actually work. Zoom Webinars handles large-scale events with up to 50,000 attendees.

Zoom Phone is a full cloud-based phone system replacing traditional office phones. Zoom Rooms turns physical conference rooms into one-click video meeting spaces.

Zoom Contact Center competes with established call center software. Zoom Team Chat is their Slack/Teams competitor.

Zoom Whiteboard is a collaborative digital canvas. Zoom Revenue Accelerator uses AI to analyze sales calls.

And Zoom AI Companion summarizes meetings and drafts messages.

Warby Parker

Tiger Global Management led the $12.5 million Series A in 2011 and the $60 million Series C in 2013, and was still sitting on a stake worth about $850 million at the direct listing. General Catalyst led the 2012 Series B.

T. Rowe Price led the 2015 and 2018 rounds, and D1 Capital Partners and Durable Capital Partners backed the $245 million raised in 2020 at a $3 billion valuation.

American Express and J.Crew's Mickey Drexler were also early investors. The company went public on the NYSE through a direct listing on September 29, 2021.

In 2025 Google agreed to put up to $150 million into a smart glasses partnership, part of it as an equity stake.

Zoom

Sequoia Capital, Emergence Capital, Horizons Ventures (Li Ka-shing), Qualcomm Ventures